| Method | Principle | Density Achieved | Surface Finish | |--------|-----------|------------------|----------------| | Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) | Laser melts tungsten powder layer by layer | ~98% | Rough (need post-processing) | | Electron Beam Melting (EBM) | Electron beam in vacuum | ~99% | Medium | | Binder Jetting | Binder droplets on powder bed, then sintering | ~96% | Rough |
These properties make HDTS brittle at room temperature but ductile at elevated temperatures, requiring specialized printing and handling. 3.1 Thick-Film Screen Printing (Indirect HDTS Print) This is the most common method for applying tungsten patterns onto ceramic or metal substrates. hdts print
